Types of Essay Formats – Learn the Four Main Types

There are mainly four types of essay formats which are followed for the various types of academic essay writing like research paper writing, term paper writing etc. Essay format is an essential element in the chapter of essay writing and without it, an essay written would be incomplete and therefore of no use.

The different types of essay formats are:

Harvard – The font style followed is Times New Roman and font size is 12 points with double spacing, computer generated on a standard white paper 8.5 inch x 11 inch. Here the in -text citation contains the author’s name and date of publication. Where the date of publication is not know it is referred as ‘n.d’ and where the author is not known it is ‘anon’. The complete and details of citations are given at the end page under bibliography.
In case of a book it is cited as follows : author, year of publication, the name of the book, edition, volume, place and name of the publisher.
In case of journals it is: name of author, year of publication, name of article, name of journal, volume, page numbers.

Chicago format consists of two types. The old style is followed for history and humanities and is known as “notes and bibliography”. In this case the bibliography is given along with the note in the essay or at the end of the article in a group form. The first line of each note is indented two spaces. At the end of the essay another bibliography which contains the name of each work cited and also works which were used as references but not cited. The new style is known as the “author date” style and is used for the science stream generally. Here the in-text citation contains the name of the author and the date of publishing and at the end the bibliography gives the details as in the older format. Here the font type is Times New Roman and font size is 12 points with double spacing on a standard white paper 8.5 inch x 11 inch.

In the MLA format, printout is taken in a standard white paper (8.5inch by 11inch). The writing is in Times New Roman preferably and font size is 12point, with double spacing. There should be a margin of 1 inch on all sides. A header must be created with surname of the writer followed by a space and then the page numbering in the upper right hand corner. While starting the essay the first line of the paragraph should be indented to one half inch or 5 spaces from left (press tab button 5 times). This should be followed each time while starting a paragraph. After each punctuation mark a space should be left. For the cover or title page instructions should be strictly followed and a title page should not be created unless otherwise specified. In the upper left hand corner of the cover page the writer’s name with the surname first followed by instructor’s name, subject and the date should be given with double spacing format. The title should be in title case, at the center and without any quotation marks whatsoever. There should be double spacing between the title and the first line of the research paper. For the main body of the essay citations should be always within quotation marks and italics should be used for long titles. In –text- citations are also very important and the author’s name and the page number from which the quotation or idea is taken are immediately given after the quotation. Endnotes, if any, should be written separately at the end but before the reference page. For the reference page:
In case of book reference- Surname of the author. Name of the book. Date of publishing. Name of the publishing company. The page numbers from where the quotations were taken.
In case of journal reference – Author. Name of the article. Name of the journal. Date of publishing. Page number
In case of net reference – site name. Date of publishing. Name of the affiliated university or organization. Date of when you visited the site.

In the APA format writing parameters are the same as MLA except for some minor differences. In APA format the header will consist of 2 -3 words of the title of the essay followed by 5 spaces and then the page number. The APA format essay will have four main parts – the title or cover page, an abstract, the main body of the essay and the bibliography at the end. The title page will have a running head consisting of the full heading, name of the writer and the university. The abstract will be a summary of the whole essay in not more than 120 words in a double spaced single paragraph. In-text–citations are also important and in this case the last name of the author and the year of publication are given.
In case of book reference – last name of the author, initials of the first name of the author (year of publication). Name of the book. City or location. Name of the publisher.
In case of journals – last name of author, initials of the first name of the author (year). Name of the article. Name of the journal. Volume number. Pages.
In case of net reference – last name of author, initials of the first name of the author (year). Name of the article. Name of the on line journal. Retrieved on date from
Full link of the site

Types of essay formats are important parameters for a writer to know, so that he can write the perfect essay. The citations and references based on these essay formats are important for direct quotations within the essay to avoid charges of plagiarism. There are available many sample essays or essay examples for a student to browse through and know the formats correctly. If one is still confused as to how to frame the essay in the correct format and give the right references then MasterPapers.com is the right place to ask for assistance and get a paper framed in the right manner and format.

Persuasive Essay Format – Basic Guidelines

There are many types of essays a writer may choose from to do his assigned research paper writing. There are some which are descriptive, some which give only information, some which only discuss personal topics and  some which try to do the cumbersome job of convincing or trying to convince the reader like the argumentative essay or the critical essay. However, they are slightly different from a persuasive essay. A persuasive essay  aims to convince and persuade the reader. It will try to remove any sort of opposition and focus only on putting aside any trace of doubt in the reader’s mind by logical evidences and arguments. The writer should have the ability to compel the reader to think alike and put forward all arguments in a correct, logical and coherent manner that will bring out the core and objective of the topic. So persuasive essay writing is not an easy job. The persuasive research topic will have to be very close to the writer’s heart and he must feel very strongly about the whole issue. That is the main and almost the whole thing. If the writer himself does not feel for the issue and is not convinced about it then how will he go about persuading his readers? Here are some tips to organize and arrange for a persuasive essay format before starting to write the paper.

1. Like any other paper this one also needs an in-depth research work and a correct essay format to be followed as per the set standard.

2. Since all arguments are to be supported by evidence from very reliable sources it is imperative for the writer to think of all arguments to be produced in the paper beforehand and also do a preliminary search for all  supporting evidences.

3. The writer should come up with well-thought, logical and clear arguments needed to convince the reader.

4. All additional facts that may help the writer to convince the reader must be be given at the correct places.

Persuasive essay format:

1. Introduction: It gives a brief overview of the topic and states the main points. It also presents the thesis statement. The main aim of the introduction paragraph is to catch the attention of the reader and keep his interest.

2. Body: It will give the details of the topic and will list the arguments in a logical manner, placing each argument in a separate paragaraph. Each paragraph should deal with a single argument, state the reason of the argument, give an explanation with supporting evidences and a brief summary so as to lead on to the next paragraph and next argument smoothly.

3. Conclusion: This summarizes the entire essay and brushes up the main points once again in different words. It also reinstates the thesis statement. The concluding statement should be strong enough to remove any shadow of doubt, if any, from the reader’s mind.

Writing a persuasive essay becomes an easy job if all arguments are correctly placed and the proper persuasive essay format is followed. To get an idea of how to write essay outline one can always check our essay writing examples.

Essay Reference – A Very Important Aspect of Writing.

Essay reference. This is an important part of research paper writing,term paper writing, school essay writing, that is , it is essential for any written project. There are certain rules which need to be followed while writing a paper. One of these rules dictate that the writer follow the correct essay format. The other rule is to give proper citations and references for directly quoted matter within the essay. Not to give references for directly cited matter would be charged as plagiarism and in the process destroy the credibility of the writer. To avoid such charges it is essential that while essay writing the writer gives proper referencing.

There are different types of formatting based on which citations and references vary from paper to paper. So before starting to write one should know about the required paper format. Another important thing to write a good essay is to know how to write essay outline.

It is very important that one should know the correct way to format a paper and give citations accordingly. The correct pattern would reflect the efficiency and professionalism of a writer which is an important aspect of writing. The following points are to be remembered while giving citations for an essay:

1.While giving citations it is important o follow the format pattern, however the basic information required is more or less the same for all formats. The directly quoted matter must give details such as the author’s name, the name of the book, publisher’s name, year of publishing, page number and when matter is taken from the net the url is to be given. All this done so that the reader has no problem checking with the original matter and finding the source material.

2.There are two places where one has to give citations. One is just after the quoted matter which is known as in-text citations and one at the end page(reference page) with all the available details. Incorrect form of citation is also at level with plagiarism.

3.A good essay most of the time will have directly quoted material. It serves to improve the value and quality of the essay. To have citations, only shows the knowledge and aptitude of the writer. It shows how many study materials have been consulted to write the paper and reflects the hard work of the writer.

4.Giving correct citations shows professionalism and expertise of the writer. The content matter of the essay may be very good but without proper referencing all efforts will come to a naught.

5.Having directly quoted matter shown as evidences will also prove that the presented data and material and the derived conclusions from these facts are correct and so increases the weight age of the essay.

So it is extremely important for a writer to give citations for directly quoted matter and to know the correct format for essay references. If one is unaware of the correct pattern of essay formatting then one needs to go through our essay writing examples. If reference giving still proves to be a problem then help is available at MasterPapers.com.

Research Paper Format – Follow the Correct Format and Get Good Grades in the Paper.

A good research paper format is equally important as the content matter of a thesis paper. Each research paper will have its own set standard of format which has to be strictly adhered to. The format and the referencing pattern generally depend on the instructions given by the professors/instructors. There are four main different formats that can be followed like the MLA, APA,Chicago and Harvard according to the requisites of the paper and subject. The following pattern of essay writing format in a research paper is generally common for all written papers and followed by all and sundry.

Title page or research paper cover page:

This is the first page of a thesis paper where the main title is written and presented to the reader. It contains the name of the student, followed by the name of the instructor, then the course name, university name and at the end will be the date of submission of the paper

Table of contents:

After the title page comes the page of contents where serial number, contents of the paper and their relevant page number are given in a tabular form. The contents of the paper will carry the name of each subgeading in the thesis paper, the page number will show the page on which the relevant sub heading starts and the serial number will show the number of subheadings in the paper.

Research Paper Abstract:

After the table of contents will be the abstract which will give the summary of the essay in no more than 120 words.

Main body of the paper:

This will consist of a research paper introduction, a body and a conclusion. The introduction will present the thesis statement and give a brief introduction of the research work, the body will give the the details of the research work while the conclusion will wind up the whole essay by reinstating the thesis statement and just brush up the main important points.

References:

The reference page is an important one and will list alphabetically all the names and details of work that has been refernced and cited in the research paper. The pattern of writing this page will be according the format(MLA/APA/Chicago/Harvard) followed in the thesis or essay format.

The following pattern is the same for all research papers:

1.There should be a margin of of one inch all around the paper.

2.The font used is the Times New Roman and font size is 12 points. The writing is done with double spacing.

3.A white A-4 sheet is used to print the paper and print out is taken on one side of the paper only.

The requisites of a research paper format as one can see is quite easy to follow and understand. However if one feels that he or she is not really confident or is pressed for time then MasterPapers.com is just a click or a call away.

Different Types of Formatting – Learn the Basics Before Setting Off to Write.

While writing an essay there are many different types of formatting that can be followed and it is imperative for the writer to know all of them. Sometimes the instructor will specify what formatting to be done and in case of admission essays different universities follow different set pattern of writing and the student simply has to follow the guidelines. The content matter of the essay is as important as the format pattern, set and followed. If the essay is flawless and written brilliantly but the format is all wrong then all results will come to a naught. There are four basic patterns of formatting which are followed by students while preparing their essays. These are the MLA format, APA format, Chicago format and the Harvard format.

MLA( Modern language of America) is popular while writing for school and college assignments and is preferred by academicians in the field of literature, arts and the like. This format has been in use for nearly a century now. In the MLA format paper printout is taken in a standard white paper (8.5inch by 11inch). The writing is in Times New Roman preferably and font size is 12point. The entire text should be with double spacing. There should be a margin of 1 inch on all sides. A header must be created with surname of the writer followed by a space and then the page numbering in the upper right hand corner. While starting the essay the first line of the paragraph should be indented to one half inch or 5 spaces from left (press tab button 5 times). This should be followed each time while starting a paragraph. After each punctuation mark a space should be left. For the cover or title page instructions should be strictly followed and a title page should not be created unless otherwise specified. In the upper left hand corner of the cover page the writer’s name with the surname first followed by instructor’s name, subject and the date should be given with double spacing format. The title should be in title case, at the centre and without any quotation marks whatsoever. There should be double spacing between the title and the first line of the research paper. For the main body of the essay citations should be always within quotation marks and italics should be used for long titles. In –text- citations are also very important and the author’s name and the page number from which the quotation or idea is taken are immediately given after the quotation. Endnotes, if any, should be written separately at the end but before the reference page.
In the MLA format the citations may come from books, journals, newspapers and the Internet. The general format is as follows:
In case of book reference – Surname of the author. Name of the book. Date of publishing. Name of the publishing company. City or location. The page numbers from where the quotations were taken. Link to website if any.
In case of journal reference – Author. Name of the article. Name of the journal. Date of publishing. Pages
In case of net reference – Site name. Date of publishing. Name of the affiliated university or organization. Date of when you visited the site.

The APA or American psychological association format is used mainly in thesis work and research papers pertaining to the science of sociology. It was first cited in 1929 in a journal named “Psychological Bulletin”. In the APA format writing parameters are the same as MLA except for some minor differences. In the APA research paper outline format the header will consist of 2 -3 words of the title of the essay followed by 5 spaces and then the page number. The APA format essay will have four main parts – the title or cover page, an abstract, the main body of the essay and the bibliography at the end. The title page will have a running head consisting of the full heading, name of the writer and the university. The abstract will be a summary of the whole essay in not more than 120 words in a double spaced single paragraph. In-text–citations are also important and in this case the last name of the author and the year of publication are given. The reference page in APA format will show as follows:
In case of book reference – last name of the author, initials of the first name of the author (year of publication). Name of the book. Name of the publisher.
In case of journals – last name of author, initials of the first name of the author (year). name of the article. Name of the journal. Volume number. Pages.
In case of net reference – last name of author, initials of the first name of the author (year). Name of the article. Name of the Online journal. Retrieved on date from
Full link of the site.

In the Chicago style paper format there are two types of method to write a paper. One which is followed for history and humanities is the old style and is known as “notes and bibliography”. In this case the bibliography is given along with the notes and maybe a part of the essay or at the end of the article in a group form. The first line of each note is indented two spaces. At the end of the essay another bibliography which contains the name of each work cited and also works which were used as references but not cited. The new one is known as the “author date” style and is used in sciences generally. Here the in text citation contains the name of the author and the date of publishing and at the end the bibliography gives the details as in the older format.

The Harvard format is followed by the University of Bournemouth in Britain. Here the in text citation consist of author’s name and date of publication. Where the date of publication is not know it is referred as ‘n.d’ and where the author is not known it is ‘anon’. The complete and details of citations are given at the end page under bibliography. In case of a book it is cited as follows : author, year of publication, the name of the book, edition, volume, place and name of the publisher. In case of journals it is: name of author, year of publication,name of article, name of journal, volume, page numbers.
For electronic sources all details are same as in books and journal except that it will contain the link to the URL and the date when you accessed the link.

To understand different types of formatting to get better grades (as discussed above) is very important and it is absolutely necessary for the writer to know all the four types and be well versed in them before he starts writing his paper or essay. If the writer, however, feels out of depth while trying to learn the different types of formatting then MasterPapers.com will willingly pull him out of the depths and place him in safe waters.

Scientific Research Topics – A Guide to Choose One

Writing a scientific research paper is an exhausting and demanding task and the most difficult part is to choose the correct topic. There are a variety of scientific research topics and choosing one from them is surely a Herculean task. Getting to write a scientific research project is definitely not a simple assignment. Researchers will be required to put in more effort and do extensive research work on their subject papers. It is not enough for one to know how to write a perfect research paper or to prepare a A level thesis paper. Scientific research papers need a lot of exploration and research work on the chosen topic and a genuine interest for the theme.

There are many topics to choose from. The following may help one to do so.

1.Global warming and the effects it has on the environment – this will involve a detailed study in the factors causing global warming, will present data and statistics as to how much harm is being done worldwide and will give detailed account as what measures is being taken to avoid this menace.

2.Various diseases can be chosen to work upon. Diseases like Hepatitis, cancer in different forms, rheumatoid arthritis, HIV- AIDS, diabetes, deep vein thrombosis all are extremely interesting to work upon and have been, till date,well researched. And notable advances have been made in these fields. They will have a lot of facts and data to present if the writer does a deep research in to the subjects.

3.Latest biological discoveries which are creating a lot of noise can also be selected like stem cells, embryonic stem cells, DNA cloning, gene silencing, genetically modified crops etc.

4.Various technological inventions like Nanotechnology, Signal Transduction, Optoelectronics, wireless and mobile networks etc will give a lot of field to research upon and a lot of data can be collected from the practical scenario.

5.Disorders like Obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, autism, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder etc are all interesting topics to work on with a lot of available data on hand.

6.Obesity can be chosen to work upon as it slowly becoming a problem which is affecting the teenagers.

7.Drug and substance abuse and how it is corrupting the young generation will have a lot to research on.

8.Planetary metabolism involving biochemical and ecological processes within the environment and their interactions with the atmosphere, lithosphere and the hydrosphere.

9.Surgeries will be one very interesting topic to work on. It can be cosmetic surgeries, Bariatric surgeries or whatever the researcher feels is attractive and compelling to work on.

10.Climate system variability. This is an interesting topic to work on owing to the various climatic changes happening around the world.

Choosing a good scientific research topic is the main part of writing a research essay or thesis. There are various ways to get the attention of the reader and the most important one is to be interested in the chosen topic and do a very detailed research work on it. The written paper itself will reflect the hard work and the interest put into it which in turn will impress the instructor resulting in good marks for the thesis.

Othello Essay – An Insight Into the World of Shakespeare.

Othello essay writing is one of the more difficult tasks in the field of essay writing. It requires the writer to read the novel thoroughly and not only read the book summary or the critic’s review. It also requires the knowledge of important literary components that is the main plot, the main characters, the theme etc. Besides while writing this essay it also gives an insight into the vast world of Shakespearian novels.

“Othello” or “The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice” is a very famous tragic novel written by William Shakespeare in 1604. The main characters of this novel are Othello, Desdemona, Cassio, Iago and Bianca. While writing the essay it might be helpful to add that William Shakespeare took ideas for his works from various different sources: old chronicles and folklores, stories and novels by other authors. He also used various historical events rather freely in his plays and other works. For eg. Othello was actually an Italian person named Mauricio Othello and not the character that Shakespeare portrayed in his play. In Cyprus he was the commander of the Venice army from 1505-1508 and his wife died under mysterious circumstances which we see in the the Shakespearian play through Desdemona’s death. Even today in Cyprus there is a castle known as the Othello’s castle and the local people believe that Othello’s nationality was not portrayed correctly in the play.

There are various ways to write an Othello Essay. An analytical essay maybe written discussing and analyzing the central characters in the essay. A critical essay maybe written giving the writer’s views , interpretations and perceptions on the novel. An opinion essay or a narrative essay may also be written. A narrative essay will discuss the novel at length and more or less a summary will have to be presented. An opinion essay will carry the writer’s opinion as to the events and their interpretation, the personalities of the main characters and their attitudes towards each other. under no circumstances what so ever any imaginative idea is to be presented. The essay will have to follow the main idea of the play faithfully and the writer’s job would be to discuss or analyze each central character and understand the relationship that they had with each other. All the cross and undercurrents and the flow of strong emotions like love, jealousy, anger, suspicion and hatred can be discussed and each character to be analyzed under these searchlights.

The very complexity of the Othello novel make the writing of an Othello essay more demanding and if the writer is not properly aware of the the novel and has not read it completely then the written essay will reflect it and show poorly of the writer. So first before taking up the pen one should read the novel thoroughly and understand each character well and then only set about writing the essay.

Process And Procedure Essay – An Introduction To The Steps For Writing The Essay

A process and procedure essay is mainly used to write and give a detailed explanation of the sequence of events in a process involved. It aims to describe a definite process or procedure through a series of stages and helps the student to learn how to develop logical thinking and reasoning skills while discussing sequence of events as they unfold. A process essay generally describes a procedure inside out so thoroughly that no questions remain in the mind of the reader. The title of the essay itself should be informative so that the reader gets an idea of the process to be analysed.

This type of essay like any other, consists of three parts – the introduction, the main body and the conclusion. The essay format will follow the general set pattern (MLA/APA/Chicago/Harvard) of whatever the instructor wants.

Introduction – Here the writer will have to give the basic aim of the procedure to be followed without going into much details. Background information and the relevancy of the process in everyday life is to be given here so that the reader gets an idea of the necessity of going into the details of knowing the procedure to be analyzed. At the end of the introduction will be the thesis statement.

Main body – Here the body will be divided into segments or paragraphs needed to discuss the process in various steps. The number of paragraphs will depend on the number of procedure steps. Therefore the body is a guide as to how to carry out the entire procedure. Each step should have a definite purpose that the reader will need to understand and all the steps will have to be presented in a logically correct manner thus keeping one paragraph for each step. The steps should cover all the important details for the process including the required equipments and also the problems and difficulties faced while going through the procedure. Each paragraph should flow smoothly into the next and in a correct sequence of order without haphazardly jumping around and confusing the reader.

Conclusion – The concluding part will give the result of the process analyzed and the importance of the process in daily life will have to reinstated without going into the details.

To write a good process and procedure essay one needs to have a good understanding of the topic along with a good imagination skill so as to infuse a logical and a common sense in describing the details of the procedure to the readers and making them understand.

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APA Research Paper Outline – A Guide To Frame The Perfect Essay

There are various different kinds of research paper formats from which the student or the instructor can choose to form an outline of the essay. These are the MLA or the Modern Language association, Harvard style, Chicago style and the APA or American psychological association style. Out of these the MLA and APA are the more common ones. APA research paper outline gives a more detailed delineation when compared to the MLA type and most students find the MLA style more simple and easy to understand. However if the APA technique of writing is well understood and once the writer becomes well versed with this method then it too will appear to be easy and not tortuous.

An APA research paper outline has four parts. These are the title page, the abstract, the main essay part and the reference page. The title is given only when the instructor asks for one otherwise it may be omitted. For this, it is best to ask the instructor for guidance. If the title page is indeed required then it will consist of a header, a running head, the complete title, the writer’s name, instructor’s name and the name of the writer’s college or university. The header will consist of the main title’s first two to three words, followed by five spaces indented and then the page number. The running head is the first line after the header and the words “running head” are written followed by a colon punctuation mark. This is followed by the entire title of the research paper. Next will come the writer’s name, instructor’s name and college name all in separate lines and doubly spaced. The next page will be the abstract which will give a concise form of the whole research work in the form of a summary in a double spaced single paragraph not exceeding 120 words. After the abstract the next page will contain the main body which will contain the actual research work along with all the data and facts and figures. Here the writer will have to defend his research work with the help of various evidences taken from other people’s work. In- text citations for such support is extremely important to avoid any charge of plagiarism. At the end there will be the reference page which will give all the details of the various sources taken as evidences to defend the research work or thesis. There are certain rules while writing these references in an APA format paper and these rules are to be strictly followed otherwise all the effort put in making the research paper will come to a naught. Special care is to be taken while documenting all the evidences taken for the research paper and due credit given to all the sources applicable as correct and proper referencing is an important and a major part of forming a research paper. It is unavoidable too, as a research work cannot be completed without giving proper and correct facts and data and to give them, it becomes imperative to use other writer’s work. Though it is not prohibited to use other people’s work but it is also necessary to give them their due credit.

APA research paper outline is generally used for writing scientific research papers and business research papers and those that involve a lot of investigation and exploration in their work. A good APA paper if written well and the format properly followed and citations correctly given will give a conventional and well researched impression, leading to good marks for the paper. So it can be seen that a well written content is as important as an essay outline for the entire work to stand out well.

Chicago Style Paper – Know The Correct Format

Chicago style, also known as the Turabian style, is widely used in documenting social science, history and political science papers. Here we will discuss the main citation characteristics of the Chicago style: in-line citation, footnotes, endnotes or content notes as well as bibliography. This hopefully will help students to make writing of the Chicago style paper a little more easier.

In the Chicago format there are two types. One which is followed for history and humanities is the old style and is known as “notes and bibliography”. In this case the bibliography is given along with the notes and maybe as part of the essay or at the end of the article in a group form. The first line of each note is indented two spaces. At the end of the essay there is another bibliography which contains the name of each work cited and also works which were used as references but not cited. The new one is known as the “author date” style and is used mainly in science. Here the in-text citation contains the name of the author and the date of publishing and at the end the bibliography gives the details as in the older format.

Chicago style of writing is a useful format for providing details about a source or reference. In history and social science papers the reference or source is extremely important. For example, when reading about events in the American Civil War, the writer would want to know whether a quotation in the article that he or she is reading comes from a government review of that time or from a newspaper of that time. Since other citation formats like APA or MLA give the name of the author and a short title only, in case of historical studies like the one given above it is much more important to know the source of the information along with the name of the author, so a Chicago-style referencing is much preferred. The footnotes and content notes that are seen in the Chicago style allow the author to give the details of the source and provide extra information.

In-text citation: When the paper needs to be written in a Chicago style it primarily refers to the footnotes. When the paper does not have many references it is far easier to present the information in the form of in-text citation especially if the paper consists of less than ten pages. In-text citation consists of the author’s last name, the date, and the page number within parentheses. One important thing to note is that there is no comma between the name and the date.

Footnotes and content or end notes: They have the same citation guidelines. They are presented in the text by a superscript number eg. (: 1). Footnotes are written at the bottom of a page in 10-point font which is smaller than the main text (12 points). Endpoints are written at the end of a chapter or at the end of the essay in same size font as the main text. They will include the superscript number given with the in-text citation. Full citation is to be given for first-time referencing and later when the source is repeated abbreviated citations are to be used. The first line of all footnotes and content notes are to be indented, single spaced with an extra space between the references.

Bibliography: The reference or bibliography section has the same information as the footnote. All the references in a Chicago style paper are listed in alphabetical order by the writer’s last name and all subsequent lines are indented. Although as mentioned above bibliography contains the same information as that of footnotes. it is absolutely necessary to give it, unless otherwise specified.